Will We Get Another Another Jason Movie?
Don’t hold your breath. The quickest route to a new Jason movie is if Cunningham and Miller accept the court’s decision and decide not to continue through the courts. As this will be a precedent-setting case, it’s safe to assume other studios and copyright owners have interest in the outcome, and will want this to be decided by the Supreme Court. There is no guarantee they’ll hear the case, but it’s safe to assume Cunningham will try. It’s also possible that studios and the WGA will file amicus briefs in order to pile on arguments should this be heard by a higher court.
Then the next step to a quick Jason flick is the two deciding on the ownership of Jason Voorhees. As Larry Zerner broke down in the above Twitter thread, the elements of the franchise are numerous and overlapping. Since they haven’t reached an agreement yet, we can assume there will be a messy debate moving forward. There is also the new Cunningham v Paramount case, , which is another barrier between us and a new Jason movie. This will likely come down to risk and leverage.
Найденные кадры Пятница
Успех Паранормального явления привел к тому, что многие другие пытались его воспроизвести. Конечно, одним из них было бы превращение Пятница 13-ев найденный фильм, что не самая плохая идея в мире. Вместо невидимого призрака или существа могли бы сработать кадры, на которых массивный убийца в маске преследует группу отдыхающих.
Похожая идея была использована в сиквеле Ведьма из Блэр 2016 года. В то время об этом было объявлено через вице-президента Blumhouse, но IndieWire сообщает, что продюсерам эта идея не понравилась, и, поскольку фильм изначально был запланирован на 2017 год, казалось бы, они выиграли.
How Does this Apply to Clive Barker and the Hellraiser Franchise?
Last month, Clive Barker, writer of the original Hellraiser, sued for a declaratory judgment that he can terminate his copyright transfer and regain the franchise.
Another thanks to our pal, Larry Zerner, who pointed out that this would only come into effect 35 years after the original 1986 sale (in 2021). Until then, filmmakers are in the clear with the rights they currently own.
As of April 2020, Spyglass Media Group is developing a Hellraiser “reboot” with director David Bruckner and writers Ben Collins and Luke Piotrowski. HBO is also developing a television series with David Gordon Green and Danny McBride (among others) who were key players in the very successful Halloween reboot. As far as these projects go, they will be free and clear if they drop before December 2021, a potential challenge given the ongoing production delays as a result of COVID-19 lockdowns.
What About the Friday the 13th Video Games?
Friday the 13th: The Game has left a lot of people wondering how the game was able to launch but downloadable add-ons were halted. The simple answer is timing. The game was created and launched in May of 2017 while the rights were still securely in hands. As the battle trudges on, no more Friday the 13th media can be made. So, they can continue to exist, but not be updated.
A key element in the game that separates it from Mortal Kombat is the ownership of Jason Voorhees, the hockey mask clad slasher. Jason appeared in a 2015 DLC of Mortal Kombat X (before the notice of termination) and has not yet appeared in Mortal Kombat 11, raising lots of questions as to whether the legal battle would kill the possibility.
At this point, while the parties have yet to decide on how to split the rights, it would be risky to create any Friday the 13th franchise media that could lean on any lore from the first film.
What’s the Story with Friday the 13th Ownership?
Sometime before the 1980 release, Paramount Pictures got their hands on the rights to Friday the 13th, releasing horror movies in rapid succession (like its cohorts in the slasher boom of the time) until eventually selling the property to New Line Cinema. The rights are now in the hands of the original film producer and director, Horror Inc. / Sean S. Cunningham. Victor Miller, the writer of the original screenplay, has evoked a 1976 slice of copyright law to get the rights to his script back.
According to US Copyright law, 35 years after the copyright is sold, one has the option to terminate the sale and have the copyright revert back to them. The United States Copyright Act of 1976 (“Copyright Act”) Section 17 U.S.C. 203 provides that:
More simply, an author who sells the copyright to their work can formally request a reversion of those rights (to get their copyright back) after 35 years have lapsed. This rule was added in 1976 by Congress with the intention to protect creators from unequal bargaining power. They wanted to add the termination clause due to “the unequal bargaining position of authors, resulting in part from the impossibility of determining work’s value until value has been exploited.”
In 2016, Miller, per the requirements in the law, sent notice of termination of the copyright for Friday the 13th. Unable to reach an agreement, director Sean Cunningham filed a lawsuit to deem the termination invalid.
“What You Been Smoking, Boy?”
In 1980, Kevin Bacon was young and barely a blip on Hollywood’s radar, having played Chip Diller in “Animal House” in between a few forgettable roles. Obviously, with the incredible success that he’s enjoyed in film and television it’s a lot of fun for us to look back at that time that he was laying on a random dirty bed in a cabin at Camp Crystal Lake, smoking a doobie and thinking about the sex he just had with Marcie. Because in a matter of moments, this handsome, young nobody delivered one of the most memorable murder scenes in the entire “Friday the 13th” franchise. And despite the fact that it didn’t make much sense and was pretty complicated to put together, it ended up being almost everybody’s favorite scene.
Bacon: I love the fact I have such a classic horror movie death. Because if you have sex, if you do one of these two things: do drugs or have sex, you die in a horror movie. That’s pretty much it for you. And I did both. I did both, one right on top of the other, so to speak. It was classic horror death in that movie. And the actress who was in the scene with me, she was very enthusiastic and we just had fun.
Miller: Even as I wrote it I said, “This is absurd, this is impossible.” First of all, Mrs. Voorhees is an old lady. Second of all, there’s no chance under a bed that you can get a back swing to follow through with your arm and she had to drive the hunting arrow through the springs, the mattress, Kevin Bacon’s spinal cord, up through his chest muscles and out. And I don’t care because I love it and finally I have a pay-off of something awful under the bed.
Cunningham: There’s an arrow that comes through Kevin Bacon’s throat and that was really cool to set up because we put a dead body above him. The audience is focused on this dead body above him and nobody remotely thinks that there might be some danger from under the bed. So the whole focus was on another place which really allowed that gag to work well.
Miller: I find the shooting of movies more boring than watching paint dry. Really. And I’m ADHD and by the time they’ve done one take that’s fine by me, let’s move on, but no, they keep going. The one thing I saw of Friday the 13th being filmed was the Kevin Bacon death with the hunting arrow underneath the bed. The reason that was important to me was because from age 4 or 5 on I looked under the bed every night to make sure no one was under it. So, I finally got a chance and I didn’t even think about it. I just basically said there’s gotta be someone under the bed and Kevin Bacon will die.
Savini: I’ve killed many A-listers, Kevin was just one of them. I saw him again recently after 35 years since I killed him and we remarked, as we were having our photo taken, that we should have taken a photo together back then. Kevin was actually on his knees under the bed with only his head resting on a fake body in the bed. The arrow was pushed up and through a blood bag and the neck of the fake body as Kevin reacted like he was being impaled.
King: I was in the cabin when Kevin Bacon got it through the poor little neck. I mean, poor Harry Crosby on the door, I saw it all. That’s why I truly appreciate the genius artistry of special effects.
“Jason Was My Son, Today Is His Birthday”
If things had gone according to plan, Betsy Palmer would have never ended up at Camp Crystal Lake. Estelle Parsons was the first choice for the role of Pamela Voorhees, but she turned it down because the script was too violent. Hell, even Palmer was ready to pass on the project, since she had never done horror before, but fate always has a funny way of intervening. Around the time that Cunningham had called, Palmer’s Volkswagen Scirocco had broken down and would cost thousands to repair. Palmer could have just bought a new car, but she liked hers, so she took the role of Mrs. Voorhees just to get her car fixed. While she famously called the film a “piece of shit,” she still approached her role as the ultimate professional.
Palmer: I needed a new car. Seriously, I was driving back home to Connecticut after spending the day in New York City when my car broke down. It was so frustrating, as these things always are, and they never happen at a good time. Luckily, I wasn’t far from home and was able to have the car towed to a nearby mechanic. After sizing up whatever it was that went wrong, I was told that it would cost $10,000 to repair the car. That was a lot of money, but it was certainly a lot less than buying a new car would have been, but still I was really unsure what to do. I told the mechanic that I wanted to sleep on it and that I would call him the next day. The next morning, as I was considering my options, my agent called and told me about a job offer that had come in. It was for this, as he put it, “little horror film.” He said it would be a couple of weeks of work in nearby New Jersey and that no one would probably ever see it anyway, so why not take the gig and earn some money. I wasn’t convinced. Then I asked, “How much money.” He said “$10,000.” I took the job, took the money and had the car repaired, and after reading the script, was (also) convinced that no one would ever see the film, which was titled, Friday the 13th.
Miller: The first person they arranged to be Mrs. Voorhees was Estelle Parsons and then a scheduling change made it impossible for Estelle to be in it, and we were about to start shooting very shortly. Sean sent the script to Betsy, who was living only about 15 minutes away, so Sean and I went to talk to her at her house and we got there, she read the script and said, “Your script was wonderful and I just loved it.” Which is relevant because actors will cover their own personal feelings about a project if they need money for a car or anything else. This is part of the business of being an actor. You don’t say, “I’ll be in your movie but I’ll hate it.” That’s no way to get the job. And if she hadn’t wanted the job she would have said, “No, this is too repulsive and it’s shit and I don’t want to be in it.” Making movies may be about making entertainment but it’s also about making a living.
Cunningham: It wasn’t malicious. Betsy Palmer was kind of like Katie Couric at the time and I think, I wanted to get an actress to be able to play the part, and then when Betsy said she would do it, and I think she needed $10,000 dollars for I-don’t-know-what-it-was, my thinking was the idea was she would show up and no one would say, “Oh my God, that must be the villain.” It was hopefully going to be a misdirection, at least for a little while. Betsy was just trying to be totally professional. She was then and continues to be a pleasure to work with. I don’t think she expected anyone to ever even see the film. There was no history of low-budget horror films having wide distribution and so she showed up and did the work and did as well as she could and just moved on.
Альтернативный вариант Пятница, 13-е, часть III
Даже когда первые дни, Пятница 13-е продолжение идеи были отвергнуты. Один из них, как сообщает HorrorGeekLife, вернул бы Джинни из Friday The 13th Part II, поскольку она переживает травму тех событий. В психиатрической больнице Джейсон преследовал бы Джинни, пытаясь закончить начатое.
Учитывая, что Джинни была такой замечательной последней девушкой, было бы интересно увидеть ее возвращение. Однако сюжет слишком похож на Halloween II. Это интересная идея, которую можно было бы изучить в будущем, но без Части III, которую получили фанаты, Джейсон не получил бы свою культовую хоккейную маску, которая стала лицом серии.
Фредди VS Джейсон VS Эш
После многих лет адской разработки Freddy Vs. Наконец-то был снят Джейсон, который ненавидели критики, но зрителям он понравился, и он окупил свои деньги. Это по-прежнему самый кассовый фильм обеих франшиз, поэтому сбивает с толку то, что сиквелы не были созданы. Ну и почти не было в виде Freddy Vs. Джейсон Против. Эш.
Эш в образе Эша Уильямса из франшизы Зловещие мертвецы. Сам Роберт Инглунд даже заявил, что Сэм Рэйми был бы замешан и хотел, чтобы Эш победил слэшеров. Однако фильм так и не увидел свет, и вместо этого концепция была повторно использована в виде хорошо принятой серии комиксов.
Дело о новой пятнице, 13-м фильме
Знаменитая слэшер-франшиза бездействует с 2009 года, и, поскольку Джейсон Вурхиз так же любим, как Майкл Майерс, многие фанаты хотят, чтобы он получил награду. Хэллоуин 2018 лечение. Аргумент состоит в том, что все, от Кожаного Лица до Призрачного Лица, Майкла Майерса и Чаки, теперь получили переквел, в котором их злодей переосмыслены, знакомые сюжетные ритмы их более раннего фильма переработаны и изменены, а оригинальные Final Girls прибывают, чтобы повторить свои обожаемые фанатами роли. Однако вопрос о том, является ли Хэллоуин Подход 2018 работает для Пятница 13-е это тот, который не задавали многие фанаты, и ответ может быть не тем, который любители сериала захотят услышать.
История
Bloody Disgusting был основан в 2001 году Брэдом Миской (под псевдонимом «Мистер Отвратительный») и Томом Оуэном, которые управляли сайтом вместе с нынешним управляющим редактором Джоном Сквайрсом. К 2007 году у сайта было 1,5 миллиона уникальных посетителей и 20 миллионов просмотров страниц каждый месяц. В сентябре 2007 года миноритарный пакет акций был приобретен управляющей компанией The Collective, базирующейся в Беверли-Хиллз . В 2011 году Bloody Disgusting начал распространять и продюсировать фильмы, получившие награды и положившие начало успешной франшизе V / H / S. В 2017 году Bloody Disgusting выкупила The Collective и в настоящее время работает как независимая компания.
Bloody Disgusting работал над проектами с писателями, режиссерами и актерами, включая Адама Уингарда , Саймона Барретта , Дэвида Брукнера , Роксанну Бенджамин , Джо Свонберга , Эй Джей Боуэна , Эми Сеймец , TI West , Radio Silence , Гленна Маккуэйд , Стивена Си Миллера , Джонни. Уэстон , Джейсон Эйснер, Эдуардо Санчес , Грег Хейл, Гарет Эванс , Тимо Тьяджанто, Марсель Сармьенто , Начо Вигалондо , Патрик Хорват , Сион Соно и Трент Хаага .
Will this Further Delay Friday the 13th Media?
It might.
This is all speculative, but Cunningham knows his legal rights to the franchise’s future are in limbo. There might have been risk in targeting the studio while the rights to make more Friday the 13th media were still in hand. For instance, Peter Jackson refused to work with New Line while his case was proceeding, and he was therefore not asked to direct The Hobbit. Since Cunningham’s rights and therefore, the franchise, are in legal limbo, he has little to lose in choosing to tackle the studio now. He’s also potentially avoiding any possible allegations for diminishing value since no one can make more Friday the 13th media right now anyway.
As far as this speaks to delay, it’s possible the studio and/ or Cunningham might not engage in any more licensing deals for the Friday the 13th rights. This could either mean further delay in getting more media, or it might have been a strategic move on Cunningham’s part to exploit the existing delay to get this matter heard. If the Miller case is resolved, I would bet the parties would be motivated to settle this matter quickly and jump on making a new film rather than it being a further source of delay.
What Risks Are Associated With Another Jason Movie?
With the court’s decision, Miller has won the rights to Part I only, and Jason remains a confusing entity. Presumably, Cunningham will grip every remaining facet of the franchise he still holds onto. Should this remain tied up, that means no more movies, and that means Miller and Cunningham might both have cases for diminishing values.
This issue hasn’t been brought up in the case just yet, but the value of a franchise changes over time; while things are tied up in courts, a franchise owner could be losing possible value. Since the Halloween movies are making a comeback, and other slasher franchises like Scream and Hellraiser (more on that later) are making comebacks, there’s an argument to be made that Jason is more valuable now than he will be in a few years, or even that his value has already started to diminish since the beginning of this litigation.
This was explored recently in the case of a documentary being made about The Room. Tommy Wiseau sued the filmmakers of said documentary, tying the documentary up in court, killing their 2017 release date. This was a Canadian case and not exactly applicable here, but the takeaway is that the filmmakers intended to release their documentary at the same time as James Franco’s The Room drama, The Disaster Artist. At the time of that film’s release, interest in The Room was at its highest, and since Wiseau’s case delayed the release of the documentary, the filmmakers had a case against Wiseau for what they lost.
The US and Canada do differ a bit here, but the argument for diminishing value can apply. These are usually only triggered in bad faith circumstances, so it would be a difficult one to argue, though it is more and more relevant as Halloween sequels cash in at the box office.
The other risk comes to either party proceeding with Friday the 13th media using the elements they each own. As it stands, it would be risky to proceed with any media as the battle for Jason rages on, and should Jason remain with Cunningham, he’d have to produce only media that doesn’t reference any lore from Part I.
My presumption is this will all come down to a split or licensing fees. I don’t assume that Miller has any intention to spark a separate franchise arising from the results of his original script alone and probably wants to own his piece to license it out to Cunningham, who will retain ownership of the rest of the franchise (for now). But Cunningham also knows that his success or failure could result in precedent-setting cases that will shake up the ownership of lots of copyright, so there’s more skin in the game than just what Pamela Voorhees has peeled off.
Как возрождение франшизы «Пятница 13-е» все еще может работать
Хитрость, чтобы получить Пятница 13-е правильное продолжение было бы отказаться от всего, что работает в сериале. Хотя это звучит нелогично, это оказалось успешной стратегией для более ранних перезагрузок слэшеров. Техасская резня бензопилой 2022 потерпел неудачу именно потому, что продолжение слишком близко придерживалось формулы более раннего Техасская резня бензопилой частей франшизы, сохраняя сатиру против джентрификации оригинального фильма, нерешительно пытаясь снова очеловечить Кожаное лицо и включая все более абсурдное количество крови. Эквивалент для Пятница 13-е был бы еще одним гибридом ремейка / перезагрузки, в котором участвовали и мисс Вурхиз, и Джейсон, но не объяснялась эта сюжетная дыра (например, римейк 2009 года), не изменил дизайн убийцы франшизы и вернул персонажей из более ранних частей для ностальгия. Напротив, Крик 2022 год отбросил одержимость франшизы Сидни и был намного сильнее в этом решении, получив одни из лучших отзывов со времен оригинального фильма 1996 года, предлагая зрителям что-то действительно новое.
Столько, сколько Пятница 13-е фанаты говорят, что хотят простой слэшер, как в оригинальных сиквелах, но неоднозначное восприятие ремейка 2009 года доказывает, что это не вся история. 2009 г. Пятница 13-е был квинтэссенцией всего, что заставляет работать оригинальные фильмы серии, и до сих пор не нравится многим фэндомам, доказывая, что продолжение сериала должно изменить ситуацию. в некотором роде. Таким образом, добавление амбициозного метакрай, как Улица страха ряд может быть хорошим началом для Пятница 13-е продолжение/перезагрузка/повторное продолжение, которое хочет доказать, что франшиза все еще может предложить что-то интересное новым зрителям в 2022 году.
Зои Салданья посоветовали сменить имя перед ее первым фильмом
Об авторе
“Then He’s Still There…”
As Cunningham explains, “Friday the 13th” wasn’t written and filmed with a massively successful film franchise in mind. At no point did he or Miller think that fans would one day be celebrating Jason’s inclusion in a “Mortal Kombat” game, so there were mixed reactions when it came to the unofficial passing of the knife from mom to son. For Miller, the idea of Jason rising from his watery grave contradicts the first film and almost negates what his mother did for him. But for mom, it’s actually a little heartwarming. As far as the film’s legacy, though, no one involved believed it would ever end up such a massive success and beloved horror institution, but they’re sure glad they were a part of it. And with Cunningham back in charge of what happens next for Jason, we should feel confident that everything will be done with our best interests in mind.
Cunningham: I had the investors in Boston who we had worked with, and they thought having something like that would be good. I resisted it because the movie was grounded in reality. It just doesn’t make any sense. But there was a sense that if you could end the movie on a scare, have something unexpected like that, would be kind of cool. There are two things: you’re going to have this guy come out of the lake, what does he look like? And what is it? And the film answers that question. Then, what I insisted on, and maybe the hardest part of the movie to write, was the scene that followed it. That girl waking up in the hospital and inquiring about this boy that came out of the lake. There’s no boy. So it becomes one of those, did I dream that or is it real?
Miller: One day Sean called, I had finished a couple drafts, and he said, “We need a chair jumper at the end.” I said, “You mean like Jason coming out of the water or like Carrie at the end of Carrie?” So he said, “Yeah,” and that’s how that got made. But what a lot of people don’t want to pay attention to is that all of the appearances of Jason in my movie are imagined. There’s no real Jason because he was dead, dead, dead in 1980.
Cunningham: Nobody even knows that that scene is in the movie, but I thought it was critical. I think that scene sort of played out just before the end titles and people have spilled their popcorns and they’re laughing and scratching, nobody is really paying much attention. But that’s kind of how it happened. I can’t tell you when it happened, I don’t think it was in the original pages, but I can’t remember anything that might have been marked original pages. We just kept going along trying to figure it out. That’s what I remember. That’s my story and I’m sticking to it.
Miller: They brought him back to life ex-post my film, and I know it made money and made the series continue, but in essence it works against what’s in the first episode, which is the reason Mrs. Voorhees killed everybody, because they allowed her son to drown. If you bring him back to life it means that everything she did was for nothing, because he was always alive. If that’s the case, where was he hiding? He was under some lily pad or whatever at Crystal Lake and why didn’t he come to see his mom instead of letting her run around killing people all the time? And they said the reason Jason killed people is because they killed her. It becomes the snake that eats its own tail.
Cunningham: Franchises didn’t exist at that point except for maybe James Bond. I would have said, it’s going to be about this kid that lives at the bottom of a lake and comes and haunts and kills people who come to camp? What? That’s impossible, come on. I think that what we discovered over time is that if any movie is successful, it doesn’t matter how you end it, there’s always a way to come back and do it again, and I think that when you start worrying about creating a franchise when you go in with the first movie, the tail is wagging the dog. The real trick is trying to make and tell a good story. If it’s a good story and it is well told then there’s a chance that maybe you will do a sequel or more. But it’s all predicated on telling a good story in the first place and not trying to set it up.
What Is Hollywood Accounting?
“Hollywood accounting” is a name given to how studios often engage in creative bookkeeping to ensure their movies appear to have not been profitable. Essentially, movies are set up as corporations, and every expense can be counted as against profit. This includes things like travel, marketing, and any number of expenses a project can incur, including money paid to the studio and its executives.
This accounting can affect how agreements for gross profits are paid out. Often, cast and crew have contracts with the studio that include payment in the form of a percentage of the film’s profits. If a movie shows no or low profits, these payouts can be minimal or non-existent. It’s alleged that studios often engage in creative accounting to divert the gross to pay for things like bonuses or other studio expenses which can deem a project unprofitable. This greatly affects how much is paid out to those with profit percentages payouts in their contracts.
This has been the subject of lawsuits before. Return of the Jedi notoriously has made no profit. Famously, Peter Jackson and Wingnut Films sued New Line Cinema, along with actors and Tolkien’s estate, for their gross percentage payouts. According to New Line’s accounting, The Lord of the Rings trilogy made no profits. Similar suits were launched for Harry Potter, Fahrenheit 9/11 and My Big Fat Greek Wedding.
Cunningham is really coming for Hollywood’s jugular, engaging in precedent setting battles for copyrights and profit shares. In his newest suit, there’s more precedent and I would bet it will be settled out of court, as compared to his ongoing suit with Miller. That said, if he is passionate about the precedent setting cases in which he’s engaged, he might be motivated to take this one all the way to the finish line.
“You’re Doomed… You’re All Doomed!”
What’s interesting about the month of May in 1980 is that “Friday the 13th” and “The Shining” were released within two weeks of each other. Today, they’re considered horror classics, but back then they were both mostly panned by critics. “Friday the 13th,” though, was reviled so much that Gene Siskel invited people to write letters to Palmer to let her know that they were disappointed in her decision to take this role. However, had it not been for that hatred and poor response, people might not have waited in long lines to see Mrs. Voorhees get her revenge. Funny how that works. Over the years, thanks to an incredible, lasting response from fans, Palmer has embraced this iconic role and while kids might wear hockey masks instead of blue sweaters on Halloween, her fans know who started it all.
King: Every review, including the Oregonian, the Sunday New York Times, everybody panned it and said it would never see the light of day.
“Think You’re Gonna Last All Summer?”
In 1979, director Sean Cunningham was coming off of back-to-back kids’ sports movies, “Here Come the Tigers” and “Manny’s Orphans,” which he worked on with his good friends, Victor Miller and Steve Miner. Neither film had Cunningham’s phone ringing off the hook with studios looking to hire him — and he had bills to pay — so he decided that it was time to tap into the horror genre with his idea, “Friday the 13th.” Well, it was actually just an idea for a title, and as it turned out, there had already been another horror movie with that name. That didn’t stop Cunningham and Miller from making this film, though. All they needed was a group of young actors that would be happy to collect small paychecks and a chance to pad their résumés a bit.
Sean Cunningham, Director and Producer: I had done two childrens’ films as it were. One was on baseball and one was on soccer. And the second one on soccer I liked, but it got optioned by United Artists and I didn’t have any money coming in because of it, so I couldn’t go back to my investors. I thought, well what could I do? I’ve got to keep working somehow. So I said, “Well, let’s try this,” and this, as it turns out, was trying to make a scary film called Friday the 13th.
Victor Miller, Writer: He called me and said, “Halloween is making a lot of money, let’s rip it off.” It was clear from the experience with the two G-rated movies that America did not want as many G-rated movies as they wanted horror. Basically, I was just trying to survive and so was Sean. We were facing what is best known as the condition of being penniless. And so I went and saw Halloween and figured out how to write a horror movie and that was that. It’s kind of mundane in its basic outlines.